Effect of nanofillers on the Mechanical Performances and Self-healing of Composite laminates: Article Review

Authors

  • ALI BAQER University of Wasit image/svg+xml
  • Batool M. Faisal
  • Hussein K. Dalfi
  • Thiago Santos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31185/wjes.Vol13.Iss4.709

Keywords:

Composite Materials, Self-healing, Damage failure, Mechanical performances, Mechanisms of self-healing

Abstract

Advanced composite materials are widely used in different applications because of their superior performances. However, damage failures (i.e. micro- and meso-cracks) occurred in these materials after subjecting to apply loading lead to reduce in their mechanical performances. In addition, repairing process of these damaged composites to enhance their reliability and endurance is not possible at remote locations. In this regards, self-healing composites are fabricated to heal cracks and damages, to restrict failure and enhance the longevity of structures. It is widely employed in numerous applications, particularly in newly developed vehicles and space applications. In this article review, the influence of adding nanomaterials on the mechanical properties and the healing of damaged composite materials is discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical performance of composite materials is influenced by the presence of nanoparticles. Additionally, the self-healing processes and their mechanisms in composite materials were reviewed when subjected to impact, flexural, and tensile forces. 

References

[1] S. Islam and G. Bhat, “Materials Advances Progress and challenges in self-healing,” Materials Advances, pp. 1896–1926, 2021, doi: 10.1039/d0ma00873g. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00873G

[2] R. S. Trask, H. R. Williams, and I. P. Bond, “Self-healing polymer composites: Mimicking nature to enhance performance,” Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, vol. 2, no. 1, p. P01, 2007, doi: 10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/P01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/P01

[3] D. Roylance, Introduction to Composite Materials, MIT OpenCourseWare, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA, Mar. 24, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-11-mechanics-of-materials-fall-1999/modules/ [Accessed: Aug. 30, 2025].

[4] R. Hsissou, R. Seghiri, Z. Benzekri, M. Hilali, M. Ra, and A. Elhar, “Polymer composite materials: A comprehensive review,” Composite Structures, vol. 262, pp. 0–3, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113640

[5] V. J. Mohanraj and Y. Chen, “Nanoparticles – A Review,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 561–573, 2006, doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634

[6] G. M. Odegard, T. C. Clancy, and T. S. Gates, “Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites,” Polymer, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 553–562, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.022

[7] M. Ramachandran, R. Bhargava, and P. P. Raichurkar, “Effect of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 59–63, 2016.

[8] S. R. M. Paladugu et al., “A Comprehensive Review of Self-Healing Polymer, Metal, and Ceramic Matrix Composites and Their Modeling Aspects for Aerospace Applications,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 23, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15238521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238521

[9] J. Huang, S. Schmauder, U. Weber, and S. Geier, “Micromechanical modelling of the elastoplastic behaviour of nanodispersed elastomer particle-modified PA6,” Computational Materials Science, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 107–111, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.01.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.01.005

[10] X. Lin et al., “Reactive compatibilization of polyamide 6/olefin block copolymer blends: Phase morphology, rheological behavior, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 5, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13051146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051146

[11] S. Fu et al., “Combined effect of interfacial strength and fiber orientation on mechanical performance of short Kevlar fiber reinforced olefin block copolymer,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 108, pp. 23–31, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.01.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.01.001

[12] V. J. Mohanraj and Y. Chen, “Nanoparticles – A Review,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 561–573, 2006, doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634

[13] Y. Ding, Y. Chen, and J. Zheng, “Dispersion of nanoparticles in polymer matrices with well-designed ligands as dispersant/emulsifier/comonomer,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 156, pp. 215–222, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.011

[14] A. B. Irez, “Inspection of microwave self-healing efficiency in carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites for aerospace applications,” Polymer Composites, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 9995–10010, 2024, doi: 10.1002/pc.28453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28453

[15] H. Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, R. Eslami-Farsani, and S. Mirzamohammadi, “The effect of capsulated nanosilica-epoxy healing agents on the self-healing ability of glass fibers-epoxy composites under mechanical loading,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, vol. 52, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.1177/15280837221119833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837221119833

[16] P. Nguyen-Tri, T. A. Nguyen, P. Carriere, and C. N. Xuan, “Nanocomposite coatings: Preparation, characterization, properties, and applications,” International Journal of Corrosion, vol. 2018, Article ID 4749501, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/4749501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4749501

[17] K. Y. Shin, J. Y. Hong, S. Lee, and J. Jang, “Evaluation of anti-scratch properties of graphene oxide/polypropylene nanocomposites,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 7871–7879, 2012, doi: 10.1039/c2jm15569a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm15569a

[18] A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy, and G. B. Loganathan, “Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 22, pp. 531–534, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146

[19] T. Sathish and R. Saravanan, “Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Kevlar Fiber and Al2O3–SiC used Nano-polymer Composite,” Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 154–159, 2024, doi: 10.13074/jent.2024.06.242641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.06.242641

[20] C. Lei, M. Qiu, M. Zhi, and K. Friedrich, “Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 62, pp. 1327–1340, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00079-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00079-9

[21] M. M. Y. Zaghloul, Y. S. Mohamed, and H. El-Gamal, “Fatigue and tensile behaviors of fiber-reinforced thermosetting composites embedded with nanoparticles,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 709–718, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0021998318790093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998318790093

[22] U. R. Hashim, A. Jumahat, and J. Mahmud, “Improved tensile properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer composites using silica nanoparticles,” Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1149–1155, 2019, doi: 10.1002/mawe.201800071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201800071

[23] S. A. Meguid and Y. Sun, “On the tensile and shear strength of nano-reinforced composite interfaces,” Materials & Design, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 289–296, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2003.10.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2003.10.018

[24] C. Su, X. Wang, L. Ding, and Z. Wu, “Enhancement of mechanical behavior of FRP composites modified by silica nanoparticles,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 262, p. 120769, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120769

[25] H. Ghanbari, S. M. R. Khalili, R. Eslami Farsani, and S. Khalili, “Experimental investigation on flexural properties of self-healing composites reinforced by shape memory strip,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 6494–6506, 2019, doi: 10.1080/15376494.2019.1601311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2019.1601311

[26] L. M. Campos, L. C. Boaro, T. M. Santos, P. A. Marques, S. R. Almeida, R. R. Braga, and D. F. Parra, “Evaluation of flexural modulus, flexural strength and degree of conversion in BISGMA/TEGDMA resin filled with montmorillonite nanoparticles,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 927–937, 2017, doi: 10.1177/0021998316656925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316656925

[27] Y. Rostamiyan, A. Fereidoon, M. Rezaeiashtiyani, and A. Hamed, “Experimental and optimizing flexural strength of epoxy-based nanocomposite: Effect of using nano silica and nano clay by using response surface design methodology,” Materials & Design, vol. 69, pp. 96–104, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.062

[28] H. K. Dalfi, K. Jan, Z. Yousaf, and M. Peerzada, “Improving the impact resistance and damage tolerance of fibre reinforced composites: A review,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 57, no. 28, pp. 4479–4500, 2023, doi: 10.1177/00219983231209718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983231209718

[29] E. H. Kim, M. S. Rim, I. Lee, and T. K. Hwang, “Composite damage model based on continuum damage mechanics and low velocity impact analysis of composite plates,” Composite Structures, vol. 95, pp. 123–134, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.07.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.07.002

[30] A. Srivastava, P. Usha, S. F. A. Al-Alawachi, L. Kansal, K. Aravinda, and D. Arora, “Self-Healing Materials: Mechanisms, Characterization, and Applications: A detailed Review,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 505, p. 01019, 2024, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202450501019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450501019

[31] K. R. Hart, E. D. Wetzel, N. R. Sottos, and S. R. White, “Self-healing of impact damage in fiber-reinforced composites,” Composites Part B, vol. 173, p. 106808, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.019

[32] C. J. Norris, I. P. Bond, and R. S. Trask, “Healing of low-velocity impact damage in vascularised composites,” Composites Part A, vol. 44, pp. 78–85, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.08.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.08.022

[33] Y. C. Yuan et al., “Self-healing of low-velocity impact damage in glass fabric/epoxy composites using an epoxy–mercaptan healing agent,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 015024, 2011, doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/20/1/015024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/1/015024

[34] T. Yin, M. Zhi, J. Wu, H. Chen, and M. Qiu, “Healing of impact damage in woven glass fabric reinforced epoxy composites,” Composites Part A, vol. 39, pp. 1479–1487, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.05.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.05.010

[35] A. Kausar, I. Ahmad, M. Maaza, and P. Bocchetta, “Self-Healing Nanocomposites—Advancements and Aerospace Applications,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 148, 2023, doi: 10.3390/jcs7040148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040148

[36] K. Gordon, R. Penner, P. Bogert, W. T. Yost, E. Siochi, E. Burke, and E. Cramer, “High speed thermography data for aerospace applications,” NASA Technical Report, pp. 2–3, 2018. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/.

[37] W. Chen, K. Feng, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, and H. Qian, “Evaluation of self-healing performance of a smart composite material,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 290, p. 123216, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123216

[38] I. L. Hia, E. S. Chan, S. P. Chai, and P. Pasbakhsh, “A novel repeated self-healing epoxy composite with alginate multicore microcapsules,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 6, no. 18, pp. 8470–8478, 2018, doi: 10.1039/c8ta01783b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA01783B

[39] D. Zhao, S. Liu, Y. Wu, T. Guan, N. Sun, and B. Ren, “Self-healing UV light-curable resins containing disulfide group: Synthesis and application in UV coatings,” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 133, pp. 289–298, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.04.060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.04.060

[40] Y. Cheng, X. Xiao, K. Pan, and H. Pang, “Development and application of self-healing materials in smart batteries and supercapacitors,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 380, p. 122565, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122565

[41] N. Chavan, F. Prajapati, and S. Chhatre, “Self Healing Smart Polymers: Insight and Applicability in Aerospace Industry,” The Bombay Technologist, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2015.

[42] H. Y. Lee and S. H. Cha, “Enhancement of self-healing property by introducing ethylene glycol group into thermally reversible Diels–Alder reaction based self-healable materials,” Macromolecular Research, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 640–647, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s13233-017-5120-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-017-5120-y

[43] R. P. Mohan, T. Yargattimath, S. Karmungi, and V. M. Varier, “Study of Self-Healing Materials and Their Applications,” International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 625–627, 2017.

[44] P. Li, W. Guo, Z. Lu, J. Tian, X. Li, and H. Wang, “UV-responsive single-microcapsule self-healing material with enhanced UV-shielding SiO2/ZnO hybrid shell for potential application in space coatings,” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 151, p. 106046, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106046

[45] R. Dallaev, “Advances in Materials with Self-Healing Properties: A Brief Review,” Materials, vol. 17, no. 10, p. 2464, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ma17102464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102464

[46] J. Kang et al., “A water-triggered highly self-healable elastomer with enhanced mechanical properties achieved using localized zwitterionic assemblies,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 420, p. 127636, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127636

[47] A. A. Akib, F. Sultana, M. S. Niloy, and C. K. Roy, “Self-Healing Hydrogels: Development, Biomedical Applications, and Challenges,” Polymers, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 4539, 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14214539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214539

Downloads

Published

2025-12-01

Issue

Section

Mechanical Engineering

How to Cite

BAQER, A., M. Faisal, B. ., K. Dalfi, H. ., & Santos, T. . . (2025). Effect of nanofillers on the Mechanical Performances and Self-healing of Composite laminates: Article Review. Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(4), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.31185/wjes.Vol13.Iss4.709