The Impact of Terrorism on Construction Industry in Iraq
Keywords:
Construction, Terrorism, Terrorist attacks, Quality
Abstract
Suicide attacks, bombings, explosions became the part of daily life in Iraq. Consequently, the threat of terrorism put the Iraqi construction sector in the face of unique and unusual challenges that not seen on other countries. These challenges can have extensive impact on construction projects. This paper seeks to examine the impact of the terrorist attacks on construction industry and determine the extent to which the impact of terrorism on construction projects in terms of cost, schedule, and quality. This study adapted quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data using questionnaire survey and interviews, as well as historical data. The study focused on projects that have been the target of terrorist strikes in Diyala governorate. A variety of statistical procedures were employed in data analysis. The results revealed the extent to which terrorist attacks impact construction projects in terms of cost, time, and quality. The results of this study will enhance the awareness of all construction parties to the impact of the terrorist attacks against construction projects. Eventually, this can develop a risk management assessment and assist contractors to properly protect projects and buildings to minimize injuries and fatalities in the event of terrorism.
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References
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2. Osipova, E. & Apleberger, L., 2007, “Risk management in different forms of contract and collaboration – case of Sweden. Proceedings of CIB World Building Congress Construction for Development", Cape Town, South Africa.
3. Maytorena, E., Winch, M. G., Freeman, J. & Kiely, T., 2007, “The Influence of Experience and Information Search Styles on Project Risk Identification Performance” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 54 (2), 315-326.
4. Heckmann, I., Comes, T, Nickel, S., 2015, “A critical review on supply chain risk- Definition, measure and modeling”, Omega: the international journal of management science 52, Pages 119–132.
5. Zou, P.W., Zhang, G., & Wang., J.Y., 2006, “Identifying key risks in construction projects: life cycle and stakeholder perspectives”, In: Proc. 12th Pacific rim real estate society conference, Auckland, New Zealand, January 22–25.
6. Norman, G., Flanagan, R., 1993, “Risk management and construction” Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Science Pty Ltd.
7. PMBOK, 2004, “A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK Guide. 3rd ed., USA: Project Management Institute Inc.
8. AS/NZS 4360, 2004, “Australian/New Zealand standard on risk management. Standards Australia and Standards”, New Zealand.
9. Smith, N. J., Tony, M. & Jobling, P., 2006, “Managing risk in construction projects”, Blackwell Publishing.
10. Kosnick, S., 2005, "Terrorism and its Impact on the Construction Industry", Research paper, University of Maryland Civil Engineering and Environmental Department Project Management Program, Retrieved http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA454873.
11. Enders, W. & Sandler, T., 2012, “The Political Economy of Terrorism”, 2nd Edition Cambridge University Press, New York.
12. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA 452), 2005, “Risk Assessment: A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings”, U.S. Department of Security Homeland, Retrieved http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/4608.
13. Taylor, R., 2002, “The history of Terrorism.” San Diego, Calif, Lucent Books.
14. Bosher, L., 2008, “Introduction: the need for built-in resilience. In Hazards and the Built Environment: Attaining Built-in Resilience”, Ed. Bosher, L. London: Taylor & Francis.
15. Fleckner, A., 2006, “Why bother with hardened building structures?”, Australian National Security Magazine, Dec., 18.
16. Sevil, F., Sönmez, S. F., 1998, “Tourism, Terrorism and Political Instability” Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2) p 416.
17. Abadie, A. & Gardeazabal, J., 2003, “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country” American Economic Review 93(1) pp113–132.
18. Masood, R., 2012 “Economic Impact of Terrorism on Construction Industry of Pakistan” Third International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC–III)” July 4-6, 2012, Bangkok, Thailand, Pp 391-396.
19. Chen, A. H. & Siems, T. F., 2004 “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20, pp 349-366.
20. Jacob, S. & Furgerson, S. P., 2012, “Writing Interview Protocols and Conducting Interviews: Tips for Students New to the Field of Qualitative Research”, Qualitative Report Volume 17, T&L Art. 6, pp 1-10.
21. Likert, R., 1932 “A technique for the measurement of attitudes” Archives of Psychology, 140(1), pp. 44-53.
22. Anees, M. A., 2015, “Interview with manger of building school department in the Directorate General of Education in Diyala in 2/2/2015”.
23. Ahmed, R., 2015, “Interview with member of Diyala council governorate, president of the education committee in the council in 5/3/2015”.
24. Grosskopf, K. R., 2006, “Evaluating the Societal Response to Antiterrorism Measures” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 3(2), 1-9.
25. Lazell, M., 2008, “Counterterrorism competition blasted” Retrieved
26. Mushtaq, A. H., 2015, “Interview with the director of the designs department of Diyala communications office in 2/4/2015”.
27. Saad, N. H., 2015, “Interview with the manager of the technical department in ministry of construction and housing in 5/5/2015”.
28. Sabah, A, K, 2015,” Interview with the manager of the designs department in ministry of construction and housing in 10/5/2015”.
29. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA 427), 2003, “Risk Management Series: Primer for Design of Commercial Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Attacks”, U.S. Department of Security Homeland, Retrieved www.fema.gov.
30. Atlas, R. I., 2013, “21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention”, Second Edition, Taylor & Francis, U.S.
Published
2015-10-01
How to Cite
Hatem, W. A., & Al-Tmeemy, S. M. H. (2015). The Impact of Terrorism on Construction Industry in Iraq. Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 3(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.Vol3.Iss2.40
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