Journal title Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2663-1970 2305-6932 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Haider TH. Salim ALRikabi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Iraq Email: hdhiyab@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by Engineering College – Wasit University, Iraq Citation Analysis Scopus | Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 40% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the WJES paper Template, or Latex Template has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for WJES? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check the current submissions' status.
Design and Implementation of an Electroencephalography System for Emotion Recognition
Emotions directly affect essential functions in human cognition, decision-making, and interactions. Any change in a person’s emotions can lead to different patterns in brain wave signals. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the key methods used to measure the brain's electrical activity. Emotion identification through EEG data has become a crucial element of human-computer interaction. Recently, the increasing need for monitoring brain activity has been measured by EEG devices, and the high price of these devices, which are not accessible outside of the laboratory for personal use, has prompted the development of low-cost wearable EEG devices. This paper introduces the design and implementation of an EEG system using available and low-cost components. This EEG system applies to emotion identification using the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, two-stage amplifiers, and filtering by bandwidth of (0.5-48) Hz. These data are logged and processed using MATLAB 2024, where Power Spectral Density (PSD) is applied for feature extraction and then the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for emotion detection, such as boredom, calm, fear, and happiness. Results show that this system can achieve an accuracy of a range between (79-83) % for the four emotion classifications. This study concludes by summarizing the practical importance of Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in emotion recognition, focusing on its potential for future applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghufran M. Fahad, Manaf K. Hussein, Riyadh A. Abbas, Ali AL-SSherbaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence-Based Inverse Design of Plasmonic Structures: A Comparative Review of Conventional and Data-Driven Methods
This study reviews traditional simulation-based methods and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for the inverse design of plasmonic structures. Conventional techniques such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD), and Beam Propagation Method (BPM) provide accurate electromagnetic predictions but are computationally demanding, especially in large multi-dimensional design spaces. AI-driven approaches, including machine learning, deep learning, and generative models like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Conditional Tabular GANs (CTGANs), offer faster predictions of structural parameters from optical targets and enable synthetic dataset generation to address data scarcity. The analysis outlines the strengths and limitations of both strategies, emphasizing their complementary role in advancing high-performance plasmonic devices. Particular focus is placed on their importance for sixth-generation (6G) communication systems, which require high-speed, energy-efficient, and densely integrated optical hardware
Copyright (c) 2026 Wissam Abed, Ahmed Kareem Abdullah, Wasan Kadhim Saad, Jamal saad A. Omer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Novel Method in Hybrid Encryption for Enhanced 5G Networks Security
Encryption is one of the most important security methods in Fifth Generation (5G) networks, offering high speed and security to support enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), as well as Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC). Each algorithm (Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), ZUC, Synchronous Network-Oriented Word-oriented stream cipher, version 3G (Snow3G)) has distinct strengths and weaknesses in speed and security. Therefore, this research presents two new hybrid models: ZUC-AES (combining the speed of ZUC with the strength of AES) and SNOW3G-DES (combining the speed of SNOW3G with the strength of DES). The models were simulated in MATLAB for data up to 5,000,000 bits, the results simulating six algorithms in MATLAB showed an improvement in strength compared to conventional algorithms, with the p-value on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-22 test improving by approximately average 50% for ZUC-AES (0.4323) compared to ZUC alone (0.288). ZUC was found to be the fastest of all with time 0.85s to 1000000 bit, while the third model, ZUC-AES, achieved superior results compared to AES and DES, while closely matching Snow3G's performance. The study proposed integrating RSA into the system to encrypt keys for secure exchange and increase the strength of encryption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Ahmed Mustafa, Lujain Sabah Abdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimating the Solar Fraction of a Closed Solar Water Heating System Using the Utilizability F-Chart Method under Various Operating Conditions
The increasing demand for sustainable cooling technologies and the shift away from fossil fuels have heightened interest in solar-assisted thermal systems, particularly for powering absorption refrigeration units in hot environments. This study evaluated the performance of a closed-loop solar water heating system used to supply hot water to an absorption refrigeration machine. The analysis was carried out using the utilizability (f-chart) method and the MATHLAP computer program. The study considered various operating conditions and four types of flat-plate solar collectors: Type A: Single transparent cover solar collector with absorbent surface painted in standard black color; Type B: Single transparent cover solar collector with absorbent surface coated in black selective material; Type C: Solar collector with two transparent covers with absorbent surface painted in standard black color; and Type D: Solar collector with two transparent covers with absorbent surface coated in black selective material. The system was analyzed for different solar collector areas and storage capacities over several summer months. The solar fraction (f) was used as the primary performance metric. The results indicated that Type D collectors performed the best owing to their improved thermal insulation and selective absorption. Type A exhibited the lowest performance because of its higher heat losses. Types B and C yielded intermediate results. The study also examined the effect of five storage capacities (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg of water per m²) and five collector areas (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 m²) on system efficiency. Both parameters positively affected the thermal performance. This study aims to determine the thermal performance of a closed-loop solar water heating system for powering an absorption refrigeration machine by estimating the solar fraction under different conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Hilal Abish, Abdulsalam D. M. Hassen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Die Geometry on the Joint Interlock of Aluminum Sheets Thickness by Using Self-Piercing Rivet
This study investigates how die geometry affects joint interlock in aluminum sheets of variable thickness joined by self-piercing riveting (SPR). Lap shear and T-peel tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of die configurations and sheet thickness on joint quality. Joint interlock, rivet head height, and minimum remaining material thickness were measured experimentally under a constant riveting load of 17 kN. Three sets of similar sheet combinations (0.9+0.9 mm, 0.7+0.7 mm, and 0.5+0.5 mm) and different thickness distributions (e.g., 0.5+0.7 mm, 0.5+0.9 mm, and 0.9+0.7 mm) were tested using twelve different die configurations. A finite element model was established to forecast the flow of material in rivets, and a neural network approach was implemented to analyze the combined experimental and simulated results. The findings show that joint interlock increased with sheet thickness, from 0.691 mm for (0.5+0.5 mm) to 1.2385 mm for (0.5+0.9 mm). Rivet head height decreased from 0.2239 mm to 0.1301 mm with thicker sheets, while the minimum remaining material thickness increased, reaching 0.2614 mm in the (0.9+0.7 mm) configuration compared to only 0.021 mm in (0.5+0.5 mm). Higher interlock and thicker lower sheets improved load-bearing capacity in lap shear and T-peel tests, with the (0.9+0.9 mm) sheets showing the best performance. Joint success was strongly linked to the minimum remaining material thickness. Neural network analysis further demonstrated the potential to generate optimal die designs, reducing both cost and time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haibat Lafta, Doaa Fadil Mohmmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Bottom Layer and Insulation Thickness on Mechanical Behavior of Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels
Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels (PCSP) are lightweight structural elements that are composed of two thin outer concrete wythes and a middle insulation core. This article presents an experimental work that investigates the effect of the thicknesses of the bottom wythe and the insulation core on the flexural response of six PCSP specimens. Two parameters were adopted in the study, which are the lower wythe thickness and the core thickness. Three lower wythe thicknesses of 10, 15, and 20 mm, in addition to two core thicknesses of 50 and 100 mm, were considered. Therefore, six PCSPs were cast and tested under four-point loading. The load and corresponding deflection were simultaneously recorded using the data logger of the displacement-controlled testing machine. A constant self-compacting concrete mixture was used for all specimens. The test results showed a positive impact of bottom wythe thickness and insulation core thickness on the ultimate load capacity of the tested PCSPs, where percentage improvements reaching approximately 16% and 29% were recorded as the wythe thickness increased from 10 mm to 15 mm and 20 mm, respectively. However, a lesser percentage increases within a maximum of 12% were retained by increasing the core thickness from 50 to 100 mm. In addition, the 50 mm core PCSPs exhibited a more uniform flexural cracking pattern compared to those with a 100 mm core.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar Mahdi, Khaldoon Shamran, Sallal Rashid Abid, Mustafa Özakça https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applying the HEC-RAS Model to the Investigation of the Tigris River's Impact from a Proposed Bridge North of the Al Kut Barrage
This study investigates the hydraulic impacts of constructing a planned bridge north of Al Kut Barrage on the Tigris River using the HEC-RAS v6.6 model. The research assesses how the proposed bridge affects river behavior under three discharge scenarios (500, 1050, and 3000 m³/s) by comparing conditions with and without the bridge. The analysis focused on key hydraulic parameters including bridge scour, backwater effect, and velocity profiles. Field and laboratory data, combined with geometric and hydrological inputs, were used to calibrate the model. Results indicate that scour depth increases significantly with discharge, reaching up to 7.87 m at piers and 5.90 m at abutments under peak flow. However, the backwater effect remained negligible, with only a 1 cm rise detected during the highest flow scenario due to the minimal obstruction (4.36%) posed by the bridge. Similarly, no significant changes in upstream and downstream velocity profiles were observed. These findings demonstrate that while localized scour presents a notable risk, the overall impact on river hydraulics remains limited due to the bridge's optimized design.
HEC-RAS, Bridge Construction, Tigris River, Scour, Backwater Effect, Hydraulic Modeling
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntedher A. Shilib , Ali N.Hilo , M. H. Tavana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Electrocoagulation Efficiency in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Influence of Operational Parameters
Domestic wastewater is one of the biggest problems facing the environment, being one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. It changes the physical and biological properties of the environment when discharged without treatment. The removal of pollutants from industrial and domestic wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) technology was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several operating parameters on pollutant removal efficiency. These parameters included applied voltage, flow rate, electrode spacing, NH₄Cl concentration, and reaction time. A stainless-steel electrochemical cell, consisting of both a cathode and an anode, was constructed for the experiments. The effect of each variable was examined independently. The results showed that under optimal conditions of electrode spacing of 1 cm, a flow rate of 0.05 L/min, an NH₄Cl concentration of 300 mg/L, an applied voltage of 15 V, and a hydraulic retention time of 45 minutes, the highest pollutant removal efficiencies were achieved: 83% for turbidity, 85% for TSS, 84% for COD, and 82% for BOD. Conversely, at non-ideal conditions (9 cm electrode spacing, 3 V voltage, and 15 min holding time), the removal effectiveness fell markedly to less than 50%. The findings indicate that the electrocoagulation process is a sure method of removing pollutants in wastewater, provided that it takes place under appropriate conditions. It improves the quality of the water by eliminating pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roua S. Sahip, Ali J. Jaeel, Ankit Garg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectral Efficiency of mmWave Massive MIMO Systems with Hybrid Beamforming
Millimeter wave communications (mmWave) has been considered a key enabling technique for 5G systems since it offers orders of magnitude more spectrum than current frequency bands. Unlike conventional multiple input multiple output (MIMO) networks, beamforming in millimeter-wave systems cannot be accomplished using digital techniques since only a limited number of analog-to-digital converters and mixers can be handled due to their cost and power consumption. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in a hybrid beamforming transceiver design, which includes an analog and digital beamformer, as a less expensive alternative. However, the optimal design for these hybrid beamformers has not yet been fully established. In order to approach the complex performance of the fully digital beamformer, this work will provide efficient alternative minimization techniques for a hybrid beamforming structure, namely the manifold-based geometric fully-connected antennas. According to simulation data on bandwidth efficiency, the proposed iterative algorithm performs much better than the baseline hybrid beamforming approach, namely the MMSE-MP algorithm (about 6.8% for a particular situation). Additionally, based on the recommended techniques, comparing the simulation results of the two hybrid beamforming structures will yield vital design information.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajjad Kadhim, Dr. Hasan Fahad Khazaal, Dr. Hamed Al-Raweshidy, Dr. Ismail Hburi, Ruwa Mohammed, Asmaa Aliwy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of nanofillers on the Mechanical Performances and Self-healing of Composite laminates: Article Review
Advanced composite materials are widely used in different applications because of their superior performances. However, damage failures (i.e. micro- and meso-cracks) occurred in these materials after subjecting to apply loading lead to reduce in their mechanical performances. In addition, repairing process of these damaged composites to enhance their reliability and endurance is not possible at remote locations. In this regards, self-healing composites are fabricated to heal cracks and damages, to restrict failure and enhance the longevity of structures. It is widely employed in numerous applications, particularly in newly developed vehicles and space applications. In this article review, the influence of adding nanomaterials on the mechanical properties and the healing of damaged composite materials is discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical performance of composite materials is influenced by the presence of nanoparticles. Additionally, the self-healing processes and their mechanisms in composite materials were reviewed when subjected to impact, flexural, and tensile forces.
Copyright (c) 2025 ALI BAQER, Batool M. Faisal, Hussein K. Dalfi, Thiago Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Double Deep Q-Network Techniques for Optimizing Performance of 6G Wireless Network
This study introduces a Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) optimization framework to improve massive MIMO-OFDM systems via reinforcement learning-driven adaptive parameter selection. It utilizes a dual network architecture to mitigate overestimation bias and incorporates dynamic optimization for power allocation, subcarrier fraction distribution, and modulation scheme selection across QAM-16, QAM-64, and QAM-128 configurations. Extensive simulations performed across Signal-to-Noise Ratio ranges from -5 to 35 dBm reveal substantial performance enhancements, with DDQN-augmented systems attaining 5-6 dB SNR savings for equivalent SE, a 50% increase in EE reaching 15.5-16 Gbps/W compared to conventional 10.5-11 Gbps/W implementations, and a 2.5 dB SNR reduction for a BER performance of 10⁻⁵. The optimization framework ensures uniform parameter selection across diverse SNR conditions, facilitating a 40-50% increase in coverage through enhanced low-SNR performance while delivering a 5 dB SNR improvement in low-power operating scenarios. The study establishes a basis for intelligent communication systems that can autonomously adapt to 6G wireless networks, supporting ultra-reliable low-power communications and mobile edge computing applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yilmaz B. Kamal, Ayad A. Abdulkafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Water Resources Management to Investigate The Extent of The Gap in Wasit Governorate's Water Requirements and Potential Strategies for Mitigation
Wasit Governorate depends on the Tigris River for approximately 78% of its water supply. However, upstream dam construction by neighboring countries has significantly reduced inflows leading to a severe water shortage. Internal mismanagement has further intensified the problem, making the need for a balanced water management strategy urgent. To address this challenge, the study applied the WEAP model and CLIMWAT2 climate data, combined with FAO datasets, to simulate reference, current, and future scenarios As a result of population growth and climate change. Real monitoring data, including weather patterns, consumption rates, and distribution trends informed these. Results showed that the reference scenario covered only 9.61% of demand, while the climate-based irrigation reduced the deficit by up to 53%. The deficit was further reduced through the implementation of integrated and complementary strategies. Overall, the findings suggest that resolving Wasit’s water crisis requires both technological solutions and improved administrative practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hussain, Laith B. Al Badranee, Khalid Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Precipitation Projection Using LARS-WG and CMIP6 Models
Climate change has significantly impacted the environment across various regions worldwide. The growing interest in these impacts has raised the incentive of scholars to investigate and predict variations in critical weather variables, such as precipitation, to supply helpful baseline results for future planning and control. This research attempts to assess the effects of global warming on precipitation in Soran City in northern Iraq. The daily rainfall is downscaled utilizing the LARS-WG (8.0) model with six General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the SSP585 scenario for 2021-2040. These outcomes establish that the statistical analysis confirmed the LARS-WG model's ability and reliability in downscaling precipitation. Additionally, the average rainfall of six GCMs will likely fluctuate during the year. The highest increase is anticipated in January and October, while the most decrease is expected in February, March, and November. The findings can enhance the understanding of the effects of climate change on water availability and motivate managers and stakeholders to develop the most effective techniques for mitigating these impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuqa Abed, Salah L. Zubaidi, Yousif Almamalachy, Mawada Abdellatif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real-Time Skin Lesion Detection: An Efficient Deep Learning Approach
A crucial objective within dermatology includes the identification of skin lesions, which can help with highlighting diseases amongst the likes of melanoma early into the heart of the diagnosis process. With time, professionals have depended on manually finding skin lesions on the body – a process which is inefficient for time-management and is openly vulnerable to incorrect results. This paper suggests a deep learning-dependent methodology utilizing You Only Look Once version 8 (DLBA- YOLOv8) in the case of skin lesion detection with a quick and error-less methodology. Using the ISIC dataset, the model was effectively trained with a collection of data of dermoscopic imagery of skin lesions. With state-of-the-art integration and performance in lesion localization and classification, results from experiments have demonstrated YOLOv8’s capability to achieve a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 98.8%, comparatively overcoming the efficiency of YOLOv7 (89.3%) and Faster R-CNN (87.1%). In addition to that, when placing the results of YOLOv5 and Mask R-CNN in terms of Intersection over Union (IoU) scores side by side with YOLOv8, (85.2% and 84.6% respectively), YOLOv8 shows a great outperformance of both with a score of 88.7%. With the utilization of the Ultralytics framework and an assessment through metrics along the likes of mAP and IoU, the system shows a successful implementation. Handing the industry, a greatly developed perk in precision and overall efficiency over current existing methodologies, this paper underscores the potential capabilities of YOLOv8 in real clinical applications for skin lesion detection through an automated process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamid Alsanad, Basim K. J. AL-Shammari, Yaseen Yaseen, Ali Amer Alrawi, Yousif Al Mashhadanye, Elaf Hamzah Yahiaa, Maira Khafagy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Implementation of High-Gain Wide-Bandwidth Patch Antenna Array 5G Base Stations
This article introduces an analysis and design of an array of elements consisting of four antenna elements connected by a power divider. This proposed antenna possesses better performance for 5G base station mmWave applications. The 1 x 4 T junction power divider feeding technique achieved the design of these arrays. This power divider provided an easy model, low spurious radiation, and the best bandwidth. This work presents an antenna array simulated with the HFSS at a working frequency of 28 GHz.The substrate material used is Roger4003, with a thickness of 0.4 mm, permittivity of 3.5, and a loss tangent of 0.0027. The results of simulations derived from this research work are as follows: VSWR 1, reflection coefficient S11 -34 dB, gain 11 dB, bandwidth 2.56 GHz, directivity 11.1 dB, efficiency 96%. As discussed in the last part of the article, this proposed 5G base station array has realized enhanced performance compared to other antenna array designs. Consequently, it is positioned to arise as a significant contender for 5G applications.
Microstrip Patch Antenna, Power Divider, 1x4 Antenna Array, mmWave, 5G Base Station, defected ground structure (DGS), voltage standing wave ratio VSWR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qahtan Mutar Gatea, Faris Mohammed Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combined Natural Coagulant Powder Peels Apricot and Chemical Coagulants MgCL3 for Dairy Wastewater Treatment
The study revealed that the application of natural and chemical coagulants in dairy wastewater treatment significantly enhances pollutant removal efficiency. In terms of turbidity, the natural coagulant at a concentration of 45 mg/L achieved a removal efficiency of 61.67%, while the chemical coagulant at the same concentration reached 85%. When combined at a concentration of 15+45 mg/l, the efficacy of removal was enhanced to 95.8%. Similarly, for total dissolved solids (TDS), the natural and chemical coagulants at 45 mg/L exhibited removal efficiencies of 75.91% and 85%, respectively, which improved to 95% when combined. Regarding total suspended solids (TSS), the natural coagulant removed 68%, and the chemical coagulant removed 88% at 45 mg/L, with a combined application yielding a 94% removal rate. For chemical oxygen demand (COD), the removal efficiencies were 68.80% and 83.20% for the natural and chemical coagulants, respectively, whereas their combination at 45+15 mg/L enhanced the removal to 96%. Likewise, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal was 71.05% with the natural coagulant and 86.84% with the chemical coagulant, while their combination resulted in a removal efficiency of 94.7%. These findings demonstrate the substantial improvement in dairy wastewater treatment performance through the synergistic use of natural and chemical coagulants
Coagulation, dairy wastewater treatment, powder peels apricot, turbidity removal, CCOD removal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raheem Khalaf Azeez, Ali Jwied Jaeel, Mohd Badruddin bin Mohd Yusof https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entropy Generation and Performance Assessment of Finned Tubes in Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
Double-pipe heat exchangers are widely used in thermal systems, and enhancing their performance is critical for energy efficiency. This study examines the impact of fin installation on heat transfer and entropy generation in a counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger using CFD simulation. The inner pipe is made of copper with an inner diameter of , outer diameter of and 1000 mm in length. The outer pipe is made of PVC with an inner diameter of and an outer diameter of sharing the same length as the inner pipe. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare smooth and finned tubes under identical thermal and flow conditions. Entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction was analyzed. The results showed that finned tubes improved heat transfer (Q) watts by up to 22%, particularly at higher hot water temperatures of 70 oC and 0.1 kg/s flow rate. However, this enhancement was accompanied by increased entropy generation up to 40%, indicating higher thermodynamic irreversibility. The study highlights the trade-off between thermal performance and entropy generation, providing valuable insight for optimizing heat exchanger design. The finned tube also showed good enhancement of Nusselt number by 46% and effectiveness by 20% compared to the smooth tube.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Arkan Alwan, Zena Khalefa Kadhim, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Shatha Ali Merdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of UAV and GNSS Data for Accurate Land Use Mapping at Wasit University
Aerial surveys of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in conjunction with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveying offer high resolution, accuracy, and completeness of data that is necessary in developing detailed digital models and maps. High-resolution drone images have highly enhanced land use mapping. It is a significant part of urban planning management because of the abundance of geographical information that it offers. By combining various drone-based approaches with multi-domain technology, complex operations can be optimized and completed more efficiently. The current research paper proposes a new idea for acquiring land-use maps of the campus of Wasit University based on a combination of UAV aerial photography and GNSS surveying. The aerial survey was conducted at a flight altitude of 125 meters using a multirotor drone equipped with a MAVIC2 PRO photogrammetric camera. Waypoints 2.0 application was used to plan and organize the best flight route for the autonomous mission. With real-time kinematic application of the GNSS used as a source of data within the survey area, we were able to obtain the coordinates of fourteen Ground Control Points (GCPs). The Agisoft Metashape and ArcGIS 10.8 were used to process the 652 aerial photographs that were produced by the flight plan. The results demonstrated the capability of UAV data, when combined with GNSS surveying, to obtain land use maps at very high spatial resolution. The resulting orthophoto achieved a positional accuracy of 9.60 cm Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), confirming the reliability of the data for topographic mapping. These outputs highlight the effective integration of drone technology and GIS in supporting urban planning efforts.
UAV Photogrammetry, High-resolution Orthophoto, Topographic Mapping, Urban Planning, GIS Integration
Copyright (c) 2025 Aqeel Abdulhassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal Performance Assessment of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Utilizing Metal Foam and Nanofluids
The current numerical study aims to discover the outcome of the metal foam and nanofluids on the performance of a heat exchanger in contrast with smooth heat exchanger. Water was used as a working fluid at flow rate 2,3,4,5 Lpm. The outer pipe has diameter 60 mm and length 609.6mm, and an inner pipe with an diameter 20 mm. The numerical simulation was conducted by using ANSYS FLUENT 2022 R1 software. Metal foam with the porosity of 0.9 and 40 ppi was used. The cases considered in the analysis including a heat exchanger with a complete fill of copper foam, metal foam with three shapes of holes triangle, square and circle and nano fluid of Al2O3 and CuO. Results showed that heat transfer rate when adding nanofluids Al2O3 increased by 13% while it increased by 17% when using CuO. Also, the improvement in heat transfer rate when added metal foam by 43% and higher heat transfer rate with enhancement percentage 78% when adding metal fluids with triangle holes. The results also showed Nu increase with average 83 % when Re increase from ranging value (7422 to 18556). Also, heat exchanger with metal foam with triangle holes introduce maximum Nu by improvement rate 27% compared with smooth pipe and using metal foam without holes causes the rise in the pressure drop equal on average 4 times in comparison with smooth pipe and metal foam with circular holes provide the maximum value PEC of 1.92
performance evaluate criteria; metal foam baffles, copper foam; heat transfer enhancement, nanofluids
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Baqer Nati, Abbas J. Jubear Al-Jassani, Mohammed Ghalib Al-Azawy, Adel G. Nasser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Preservation Approaches for Jassan Hill: A Case Study
This study investigates the preservation challenges confronting Jassan Hill, a historic site in southern Iraq characterized by vernacular mud-brick architecture and a rich cultural narrative extending back to the early Islamic period. The primary purpose is to develop a robust, integrated framework that addresses the site’s structural vulnerabilities, environmental pressures, and socio-cultural dimensions. A mixed-methods design underpinned the research, involving qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study employed site surveys, GIS mapping, and physical assessments (e.g., non-destructive testing) to document and analyze the state of Jassan Hill’s architectural fabric. In parallel, semi-structured interviews and archival research provided insights into community perceptions, historical development, and existing governance structures. Advanced digital tools such as AutoCAD Recap for 3D modeling and ArcGIS for geospatial analysis enabled detailed visualization of risk zones and correlations between environmental factors and structural decay. Key findings reveal acute deterioration in several structures due to water infiltration, inadequate maintenance, and unregulated urban growth. Additionally, limited policy support and insufficient resource allocation hamper comprehensive conservation efforts. Stakeholder interviews confirm community interest in preserving the hill’s cultural identity and highlight the potential for heritage tourism as an economic driver. These results underscore the importance of an integrated preservation strategy. By combining technical interventions with community engagement and informed policy measures, heritage managers can formulate sustainable solutions tailored to Jassan Hill’s unique context. The adoption of advanced documentation techniques and collaborative governance models has broader implications for protecting similar cultural and environmentally vulnerable sites, ensuring their continued relevance and resilience for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Ismael Ahmed, Prof. Dr Sabeeh Lafta Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Wind Speed on the Performance and Self-Cleaning of PV Modules in Iraqi Desert Environment
Wind drives two contradicting effects on solar panels. High velocity wind induces soiling phenomena that cause dust accumulation on the surface of Photovoltaic panels and degrade solar panel performance. At the same time, high-velocity wind generates aerodynamic forces that lift fine dust particles from the surface of the panel due to resuspension phenomena, promoting the natural cleaning of the solar panels. Wind also reduces solar panel temperature through a convection mechanism, enhancing solar panel performance. Experimental and mathematical investigations were conducted to examine the conflicting effects of wind on Photovoltaic panels. The study was applied in a simulated desert environment. Natural dust with a particle size of 0.1 mm was used for the emulation. The experimental results suggested considerable power losses in the solar panel under low-speed wind conditions (less than 2 m/s). Increasing the wind velocity beyond 4 m/s resulted in a significant improvement in the solar panel's output power, demonstrating a 9-21% enhancement in output power. The major conclusion of this study is to support investors and decision-makers in determining the best operational and environmental conditions to minimize power losses in solar panels. The experimental work was conducted through controlled experimental analysis in a simulated desert environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Israa Amer Dahham, Muhammad Ammirul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri, Ali Abdulabbas Abdullah, Mohd Faizal Fauzand, Qais Hamid Jeflawe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Optimization for (NG-RoF) Systems: Mitigating Nonlinear Effects in Long-Distance Transmission
Within the last ten years, several modern technologies were invented, and different types of services were subscribed to and used in daily life. All these are in need of high data rate and wide coverage in respect to mobile communication, and it thus needs an advanced generation to meet these performances as dictated by the end users. This paper is intended to advocate radio-over-fiber technique in 5G systems, improving standards of techniques for ensuring effective wireless communications coverage. But the problem was an issue of nonlinear effect causing some failure in the system performance, especially at a distance of 400km in transmission and data rate impact at fifth generation-the data downloaded is up to 100 GBps. It uses a major concept from signal processing within NG5 RoF for transmission and reception. The defects take place starting off with the use of the transmitted signal at first instance within modulated 16QAM while it reaches receiving through the power account until the filtering to BER, which is taken up to distance transmission, initially starting from the 100 n right up to a distance of 400 km, hence. Worth remarking is that all the models presented in this report were simulated using Optisystem 18.
Radio over fiber, fifth generation, invers gaussian filter.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Obaid, Hassan K. Al-Musawi, Majid Valizadeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Study of Stand-alone Multilevel Inverter Based on Switch Reduction Technique Fed by Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Systems
Electricity stability is decreased and both harmonics and losses are increased throughout the power conversion procedures. The drawbacks of conventional inverters may be addressed with the help of new multilayer inverter designs. Lately, multilevel inverter techniques have become more and more well-liked as an affordable substitute for a range of industrial uses. Several notable characteristics of this design include its smaller component, decreased switching losses, and improved output voltage/current pattern. The most crucial prerequisite for multilayer inverters is the minimization of harmonic components in the output voltage/current. The three distinct power sources that make up the system proposed in the present research are two identical wind turbines and photovoltaic system. Each of these power sources has an output voltage of 1, 2/3, and 1/3 Vdc, respectively. A 7-level output voltage was created by combining all of the DC sources. This paper proposes several situations, all of which have harmonic distortion within acceptable limits, and shows that the suggested system can function even in the event that one of the aforementioned power sources is unavailable. The MATLAB application is used to develop the system.
Multi-Level Inverter, Renewable Energy Sources, Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine
Copyright (c) 2025 falah jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of new Dams built on Upstream of Lesser Zab River on Dokan Dam Using HEC-ResSim Model
Recent years have witnessed significant declines in surface water quantities as a result of population density, climate change, and water pollution. Iraq is one of the countries that has suffered from water scarcity, particularly due to the upstream countries' water usage policies on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. All indicators suggest that the water situation will transition from abundance to scarcity in the near future. Therefore, and given that most studies have focused on the operational policies of dams and hydraulic structures, there has been a growing need to study and analyse the impact of upstream dam construction on the operation of Iraqi dams, such as Dokan Dam located on the Lesser Zab River. Dokan Dam is one of the most important dams to study due to its size and direct impact on surrounding areas. The aim is to understand the changes in the performance of these structures and the impact of declining water levels. To achieve this objective, and after collecting sufficient data, the HEC-ResSim program was used to study the impact on the dam's operation over a 30-year period from 1980 to 2010. The results showed that HEC-ResSim was effective in simulating the system's operation and studying daily and monthly discharges, as well as its flexibility
Dokan dam; HEC-ResSim; simulation; Lesser zab.
Copyright (c) 2025 zainab AL-Fahad, Laith B. Al-Badranee; Muqdad Al-Hamami, Maha A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the correlation between Nanoindentation and Vickers hardness of Ti6Al4V, pure copper and AISI316 stainless steel
Nano-indentation test is the most popular hardness testing method because it can correlate to other materials' mechanical properties and is used in a narrow area or for materials with plastic deformation resistance that Vickers hardness cannot represent. Linking the results of different hardness tests could provide flexibility in utilizing various hardness tests. Therefore, this research investigated the practical results of Vickers Microhardness and Berkovich Nano-indentation for three different materials. A mathematical model was applied to describe the Vickers hardness - Nano-indentation correlation based on the projected surface area resulting from indenter penetration. The results showed that Nano-hardness and Vickers hardness can be correlated. However, for the accuracy of the correlation, the precise measurement of the projected area must be considered. Ti6Al4V exhibited the largest differential between practical and theoretical Micro-hardness and Nano-hardness results, 43% and 37%, respectively, whereas copper had the lowest, 30% and 33%.
Keywords: Nanoindentation, Microhardness, Mechanical properties, Correlation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ammar Dawood Ghali Al-Rubaye, Muhaed Sadiq Alali, Righdan Mohsen Namus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving The Mechanical and Electrical Performance Of Composite Laminates By Including Nano-particles: Review Article
These days, researchers have focused on improving the mechanical performance of composite laminates owing to a broad range of their applications in fields like aerospace, military, civil, marine, etc. In this regard, efforts have been made to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of composite laminates by using nanoparticles. For developing high-performance composite laminates, the dispersion of nanoparticles in the composite laminates is significantly important; however, it remains a challenge. This review study focuses on strategies that have been adopted for developing appropriate chemical and physical methods to achieve controlled dispersion of nanoparticles in composite laminates. The effect of nanoparticles on mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength, compression, and fracture toughness have been discussed thoroughly in this study. Further, this study proves that the addition of conductive nanoparticles to the composite laminates can change their dielectric properties and make them sensors for damage failures during applied loading.
Nano-particles, nano-composites, mechanical properties, interfacial bonding strength, dielectric properties, conductivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Hider Ali, Farouk Omar. Hamdoon, Hussein Qumar, Khayale Jan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using HEC-RAS 1D for Flood Hazard Estimation For Building Construction in the Upstream of the AL Kut Barrage
The construction of buildings and recreational facilities in urban river basins is a well-documented problem that is having a devastating impact on urban infrastructure and human lives due to the increased frequency and severity of extreme rainfall and flooding.The likelihood of flooding cannot be eliminated, although it can be mitigated to some extent.Consequently, future flood control initiatives must priorities integrated strategies that account for both risk uncertainty and flood projections. In order to assess the potential harm, it is crucial to develop a solid approach for flood modelling and mapping.The goal of this study was to develop a flood projection zone by integrating hydrological models with geographic information systems. at the mouth and mouth of the Tigris River at Kut in central Iraq, at the front and rear of the dam.This was accomplished by making use of the hydrological models HEC-GeoRAS and HEC-RAS.locate areas that are at risk of flooding due to varying flow rates.To generate the DEM, a high-resolution topographic scan of the intended area—including the front and rear of the embankment-was employed.The dam was constructed using 6-kilometer-long front and 12-kilometer-long rear cross sections. In order to ascertain the depths of the terrain and its variations, GIS technology was employed.Several areas in the study area experienced flooding.A number of drainages were used to validate the model calibration, and the suitable Mannick coefficient for the area was determined by utilising statistical estimations (NSE, RMSE, MAE). This production quantity corresponds to a maximum flood depth of 17.5 meters.Based on the findings from the analysis using HEC-RAS, it is clear that structures situated in river basins have a significant influence, and a discharge of 2250 m3/s might cause flooding
HEC-RAS1, Prediction of floods, Hydrostatic Module, Impact of structures on the river basin,
Copyright (c) 2025 sajjad Inhayyir Abuthena, Ali N. Hilo, Clare B. Harris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Evaluation of Doppler Effect in HST at mmWave in 100 GHz Sub-Band with presence of Distortion and AWGN
Managing Doppler effects can be considered a critical technical challenge to ensure stable and efficient communication over millimeter Waves (mm Wave)in 5G networks, especially in high-mobility environments.the combined effects of Doppler shift and AWGN highlight the need for robust receiver designs that challenges simultaneously .this paper provides system model was tested under various scenarios,where both Doppler shift and distortion in the presence of AWGN .Different levels of SNR and Doppler shifts were simulated to observe their joint impact on system performance .The combined presence of Doppler shift and distortion are resulted in a more significant increase of BER rather than each factor could considered individually.The results are demonstrated that at high speed (large Doppler shifts)and low the challenges of maintaining reliable communication in such environments.
Doppler shifts;Gaussian white noise(AWGN);High-speed raiway,
Copyright (c) 2025 maha Fakhri abbas, D Basim k.j., Ahmed Magdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study of Condensation Characteristics on a Vertical Plate Covered with Metal Foam
Metal foam (MF)-coated plate possesses the advantage of big surface area, thus it has great potential for improving the plate condensers' condensation Heat Transfer (HT). In the current research, the pores density influences of Copper Foam (CF) upon a Flat Plate (FP) with (CF) attached have been studied experimentally. And, the CF pore density conceals the utilized plate structure, which ranges from 10 PPI to 20 PPI, and the porosity of 90%. The feature of flow water steam in CF coated plate is presented by using coefficient method of unit mass efficacy. Also, the pore's density influences of CF size, rate of the mass flow of inlet steam water, and rate of the mass flow of cold water upon the HT and Pressure Drop (PD) have been tested and analyzed. The correlations of HT and for a vertical Flat Plate (FP) with fixed CF are determined the curve-fitting of the investigational values. Additionally, the result elucidated that the CF introduction improves the HT despite causing a bigger . A (10 PPI) sized CF reveals a higher performance. It is also observed that the higher pressure of inlet steam, the higher rate of the mass flow of steam and the lower temperature of cold water will result in the increase of the average Heat Transfer Rate (HTR).
Flat plate, Copper foam, Heat transfer, Pressure drop, Condensation steam
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayser Muneer, FaiK Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dialectic urban terms: a critical study of the concepts sustainable, complete, liveable and humanized streets
This research seeks to demystify the ambiguity surrounding key terms in urban design. These terms include sustainable, complete, livable, and humane streets. These concepts are key to improving citizens' satisfaction with their cities. They can also boost participation in urban development discussions. However, the literature and studies misuse these terms. This causes confusion about their meanings. This study reviews relevant literature and research. It seeks to see if these terms reflect distinct ideas within a common framework. We will check these terms based on their criteria and uses. The results show that these concepts are similar. They all aim to preserve the environment, improve transport, and boost city interactions. Nevertheless, each term has its advantages. Livable streets focus on comfort and well-being. Sustainable streets focus on the environment and protecting natural resources. Complete streets value diversity and many transport options. Humane streets aim to boost social cooperation and community prosperit
Sustainable streets, complete streets, Liveable streets, Humanized streets
Copyright (c) 2025 Yaqeen Haider, Ihsan Abbas, Manal Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0