Journal title Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2663-1970 2305-6932 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Haider TH. Salim ALRikabi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Iraq Email: hdhiyab@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by Engineering College – Wasit University, Iraq Citation Analysis Scopus | Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 40% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the WJES paper Template, or Latex Template has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for WJES? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check the current submissions' status.
Applying the HEC-RAS Model to the Investigation of the Tigris River's Impact from a Proposed Bridge North of the Al Kut Barrage
This study investigates the hydraulic impacts of constructing a planned bridge north of Al Kut Barrage on the Tigris River using the HEC-RAS v6.6 model. The research assesses how the proposed bridge affects river behavior under three discharge scenarios (500, 1050, and 3000 m³/s) by comparing conditions with and without the bridge. The analysis focused on key hydraulic parameters including bridge scour, backwater effect, and velocity profiles. Field and laboratory data, combined with geometric and hydrological inputs, were used to calibrate the model. Results indicate that scour depth increases significantly with discharge, reaching up to 7.87 m at piers and 5.90 m at abutments under peak flow. However, the backwater effect remained negligible, with only a 1 cm rise detected during the highest flow scenario due to the minimal obstruction (4.36%) posed by the bridge. Similarly, no significant changes in upstream and downstream velocity profiles were observed. These findings demonstrate that while localized scour presents a notable risk, the overall impact on river hydraulics remains limited due to the bridge's optimized design.
HEC-RAS, Bridge Construction, Tigris River, Scour, Backwater Effect, Hydraulic Modeling
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntedher A. Shilib , Ali N.Hilo , M. H. Tavana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Electrocoagulation Efficiency in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Influence of Operational Parameters
Domestic wastewater is one of the biggest problems facing the environment, being one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. It changes the physical and biological properties of the environment when discharged without treatment. The removal of pollutants from industrial and domestic wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) technology was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several operating parameters on pollutant removal efficiency. These parameters included applied voltage, flow rate, electrode spacing, NH₄Cl concentration, and reaction time. A stainless-steel electrochemical cell, consisting of both a cathode and an anode, was constructed for the experiments. The effect of each variable was examined independently. The results showed that under optimal conditions of electrode spacing of 1 cm, a flow rate of 0.05 L/min, an NH₄Cl concentration of 300 mg/L, an applied voltage of 15 V, and a hydraulic retention time of 45 minutes, the highest pollutant removal efficiencies were achieved: 83% for turbidity, 85% for TSS, 84% for COD, and 82% for BOD. Conversely, at non-ideal conditions (9 cm electrode spacing, 3 V voltage, and 15 min holding time), the removal effectiveness fell markedly to less than 50%. The findings indicate that the electrocoagulation process is a sure method of removing pollutants in wastewater, provided that it takes place under appropriate conditions. It improves the quality of the water by eliminating pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roua S. Sahip, Ali J. Jaeel, Ankit Garg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectral Efficiency of mmWave Massive MIMO Systems with Hybrid Beamforming
Millimeter wave communications (mmWave) has been considered a key enabling technique for 5G systems since it offers orders of magnitude more spectrum than current frequency bands. Unlike conventional multiple input multiple output (MIMO) networks, beamforming in millimeter-wave systems cannot be accomplished using digital techniques since only a limited number of analog-to-digital converters and mixers can be handled due to their cost and power consumption. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in a hybrid beamforming transceiver design, which includes an analog and digital beamformer, as a less expensive alternative. However, the optimal design for these hybrid beamformers has not yet been fully established. In order to approach the complex performance of the fully digital beamformer, this work will provide efficient alternative minimization techniques for a hybrid beamforming structure, namely the manifold-based geometric fully-connected antennas. According to simulation data on bandwidth efficiency, the proposed iterative algorithm performs much better than the baseline hybrid beamforming approach, namely the MMSE-MP algorithm (about 6.8% for a particular situation). Additionally, based on the recommended techniques, comparing the simulation results of the two hybrid beamforming structures will yield vital design information.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajjad Kadhim, Dr. Hasan Fahad Khazaal, Dr. Hamed Al-Raweshidy, Dr. Ismail Hburi, Ruwa Mohammed, Asmaa Aliwy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of nanofillers on the Mechanical Performances and Self-healing of Composite laminates: Article Review
Advanced composite materials are widely used in different applications because of their superior performances. However, damage failures (i.e. micro- and meso-cracks) occurred in these materials after subjecting to apply loading lead to reduce in their mechanical performances. In addition, repairing process of these damaged composites to enhance their reliability and endurance is not possible at remote locations. In this regards, self-healing composites are fabricated to heal cracks and damages, to restrict failure and enhance the longevity of structures. It is widely employed in numerous applications, particularly in newly developed vehicles and space applications. In this article review, the influence of adding nanomaterials on the mechanical properties and the healing of damaged composite materials is discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical performance of composite materials is influenced by the presence of nanoparticles. Additionally, the self-healing processes and their mechanisms in composite materials were reviewed when subjected to impact, flexural, and tensile forces.
Copyright (c) 2025 ALI BAQER, Batool M. Faisal, Hussein K. Dalfi, Thiago Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Double Deep Q-Network Techniques for Optimizing Performance of 6G Wireless Network
This study introduces a Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) optimization framework to improve massive MIMO-OFDM systems via reinforcement learning-driven adaptive parameter selection. It utilizes a dual network architecture to mitigate overestimation bias and incorporates dynamic optimization for power allocation, subcarrier fraction distribution, and modulation scheme selection across QAM-16, QAM-64, and QAM-128 configurations. Extensive simulations performed across Signal-to-Noise Ratio ranges from -5 to 35 dBm reveal substantial performance enhancements, with DDQN-augmented systems attaining 5-6 dB SNR savings for equivalent SE, a 50% increase in EE reaching 15.5-16 Gbps/W compared to conventional 10.5-11 Gbps/W implementations, and a 2.5 dB SNR reduction for a BER performance of 10⁻⁵. The optimization framework ensures uniform parameter selection across diverse SNR conditions, facilitating a 40-50% increase in coverage through enhanced low-SNR performance while delivering a 5 dB SNR improvement in low-power operating scenarios. The study establishes a basis for intelligent communication systems that can autonomously adapt to 6G wireless networks, supporting ultra-reliable low-power communications and mobile edge computing applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yilmaz B. Kamal, Ayad A. Abdulkafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Precipitation Projection Using LARS-WG and CMIP6 Models
Climate change has significantly impacted the environment across various regions worldwide. The growing interest in these impacts has raised the incentive of scholars to investigate and predict variations in critical weather variables, such as precipitation, to supply helpful baseline results for future planning and control. This research attempts to assess the effects of global warming on precipitation in Soran City in northern Iraq. The daily rainfall is downscaled utilizing the LARS-WG (8.0) model with six General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the SSP585 scenario for 2021-2040. These outcomes establish that the statistical analysis confirmed the LARS-WG model's ability and reliability in downscaling precipitation. Additionally, the average rainfall of six GCMs will likely fluctuate during the year. The highest increase is anticipated in January and October, while the most decrease is expected in February, March, and November. The findings can enhance the understanding of the effects of climate change on water availability and motivate managers and stakeholders to develop the most effective techniques for mitigating these impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuqa Abed, Salah L. Zubaidi, Yousif Almamalachy, Mawada Abdellatif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real-Time Skin Lesion Detection: An Efficient Deep Learning Approach
A crucial objective within dermatology includes the identification of skin lesions, which can help with highlighting diseases amongst the likes of melanoma early into the heart of the diagnosis process. With time, professionals have depended on manually finding skin lesions on the body – a process which is inefficient for time-management and is openly vulnerable to incorrect results. This paper suggests a deep learning-dependent methodology utilizing You Only Look Once version 8 (DLBA- YOLOv8) in the case of skin lesion detection with a quick and error-less methodology. Using the ISIC dataset, the model was effectively trained with a collection of data of dermoscopic imagery of skin lesions. With state-of-the-art integration and performance in lesion localization and classification, results from experiments have demonstrated YOLOv8’s capability to achieve a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 98.8%, comparatively overcoming the efficiency of YOLOv7 (89.3%) and Faster R-CNN (87.1%). In addition to that, when placing the results of YOLOv5 and Mask R-CNN in terms of Intersection over Union (IoU) scores side by side with YOLOv8, (85.2% and 84.6% respectively), YOLOv8 shows a great outperformance of both with a score of 88.7%. With the utilization of the Ultralytics framework and an assessment through metrics along the likes of mAP and IoU, the system shows a successful implementation. Handing the industry, a greatly developed perk in precision and overall efficiency over current existing methodologies, this paper underscores the potential capabilities of YOLOv8 in real clinical applications for skin lesion detection through an automated process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamid Alsanad, Basim K. J. AL-Shammari, Yaseen Yaseen, Ali Amer Alrawi, Yousif Al Mashhadanye, Elaf Hamzah Yahiaa, Maira Khafagy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Water Resources Management to Investigate The Extent of The Gap in Wasit Governorate's Water Requirements and Potential Strategies for Mitigation
Wasit Governorate depends on the Tigris River for approximately 78% of its water supply. However, upstream dam construction by neighboring countries has significantly reduced inflows leading to a severe water shortage. Internal mismanagement has further intensified the problem, making the need for a balanced water management strategy urgent. To address this challenge, the study applied the WEAP model and CLIMWAT2 climate data, combined with FAO datasets, to simulate reference, current, and future scenarios As a result of population growth and climate change. Real monitoring data, including weather patterns, consumption rates, and distribution trends informed these. Results showed that the reference scenario covered only 9.61% of demand, while the climate-based irrigation reduced the deficit by up to 53%. The deficit was further reduced through the implementation of integrated and complementary strategies. Overall, the findings suggest that resolving Wasit’s water crisis requires both technological solutions and improved administrative practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hussain, Laith B. Al Badranee, Khalid Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combined Natural Coagulant Powder Peels Apricot and Chemical Coagulants MgCL3 for Dairy Wastewater Treatment
The study revealed that the application of natural and chemical coagulants in dairy wastewater treatment significantly enhances pollutant removal efficiency. In terms of turbidity, the natural coagulant at a concentration of 45 mg/L achieved a removal efficiency of 61.67%, while the chemical coagulant at the same concentration reached 85%. When combined at a concentration of 15+45 mg/l, the efficacy of removal was enhanced to 95.8%. Similarly, for total dissolved solids (TDS), the natural and chemical coagulants at 45 mg/L exhibited removal efficiencies of 75.91% and 85%, respectively, which improved to 95% when combined. Regarding total suspended solids (TSS), the natural coagulant removed 68%, and the chemical coagulant removed 88% at 45 mg/L, with a combined application yielding a 94% removal rate. For chemical oxygen demand (COD), the removal efficiencies were 68.80% and 83.20% for the natural and chemical coagulants, respectively, whereas their combination at 45+15 mg/L enhanced the removal to 96%. Likewise, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal was 71.05% with the natural coagulant and 86.84% with the chemical coagulant, while their combination resulted in a removal efficiency of 94.7%. These findings demonstrate the substantial improvement in dairy wastewater treatment performance through the synergistic use of natural and chemical coagulants
Coagulation, dairy wastewater treatment, powder peels apricot, turbidity removal, CCOD removal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raheem Khalaf Azeez, Ali Jwied Jaeel, Mohd Badruddin bin Mohd Yusof https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Implementation of High-Gain Wide-Bandwidth Patch Antenna Array 5G Base Stations
This article introduces an analysis and design of an array of elements consisting of four antenna elements connected by a power divider. This proposed antenna possesses better performance for 5G base station mmWave applications. The 1 x 4 T junction power divider feeding technique achieved the design of these arrays. This power divider provided an easy model, low spurious radiation, and the best bandwidth. This work presents an antenna array simulated with the HFSS at a working frequency of 28 GHz.The substrate material used is Roger4003, with a thickness of 0.4 mm, permittivity of 3.5, and a loss tangent of 0.0027. The results of simulations derived from this research work are as follows: VSWR 1, reflection coefficient S11 -34 dB, gain 11 dB, bandwidth 2.56 GHz, directivity 11.1 dB, efficiency 96%. As discussed in the last part of the article, this proposed 5G base station array has realized enhanced performance compared to other antenna array designs. Consequently, it is positioned to arise as a significant contender for 5G applications.
Microstrip Patch Antenna, Power Divider, 1x4 Antenna Array, mmWave, 5G Base Station, defected ground structure (DGS), voltage standing wave ratio VSWR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qahtan Mutar Gatea, Faris Mohammed Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of UAV and GNSS Data for Accurate Land Use Mapping at Wasit University
Aerial surveys of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in conjunction with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveying offer high resolution, accuracy, and completeness of data that is necessary in developing detailed digital models and maps. High-resolution drone images have highly enhanced land use mapping. It is a significant part of urban planning management because of the abundance of geographical information that it offers. By combining various drone-based approaches with multi-domain technology, complex operations can be optimized and completed more efficiently. The current research paper proposes a new idea for acquiring land-use maps of the campus of Wasit University based on a combination of UAV aerial photography and GNSS surveying. The aerial survey was conducted at a flight altitude of 125 meters using a multirotor drone equipped with a MAVIC2 PRO photogrammetric camera. Waypoints 2.0 application was used to plan and organize the best flight route for the autonomous mission. With real-time kinematic application of the GNSS used as a source of data within the survey area, we were able to obtain the coordinates of fourteen Ground Control Points (GCPs). The Agisoft Metashape and ArcGIS 10.8 were used to process the 652 aerial photographs that were produced by the flight plan. The results demonstrated the capability of UAV data, when combined with GNSS surveying, to obtain land use maps at very high spatial resolution. The resulting orthophoto achieved a positional accuracy of 9.60 cm Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), confirming the reliability of the data for topographic mapping. These outputs highlight the effective integration of drone technology and GIS in supporting urban planning efforts.
UAV Photogrammetry, High-resolution Orthophoto, Topographic Mapping, Urban Planning, GIS Integration
Copyright (c) 2025 Aqeel Abdulhassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entropy Generation and Performance Assessment of Finned Tubes in Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
Double-pipe heat exchangers are widely used in thermal systems, and enhancing their performance is critical for energy efficiency. This study examines the impact of fin installation on heat transfer and entropy generation in a counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger using CFD simulation. The inner pipe is made of copper with an inner diameter of , outer diameter of and 1000 mm in length. The outer pipe is made of PVC with an inner diameter of and an outer diameter of sharing the same length as the inner pipe. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare smooth and finned tubes under identical thermal and flow conditions. Entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction was analyzed. The results showed that finned tubes improved heat transfer (Q) watts by up to 22%, particularly at higher hot water temperatures of 70 oC and 0.1 kg/s flow rate. However, this enhancement was accompanied by increased entropy generation up to 40%, indicating higher thermodynamic irreversibility. The study highlights the trade-off between thermal performance and entropy generation, providing valuable insight for optimizing heat exchanger design. The finned tube also showed good enhancement of Nusselt number by 46% and effectiveness by 20% compared to the smooth tube.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Arkan Alwan, Zena Khalefa Kadhim, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Shatha Ali Merdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal Performance Assessment of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Utilizing Metal Foam and Nanofluids
The current numerical study aims to discover the outcome of the metal foam and nanofluids on the performance of a heat exchanger in contrast with smooth heat exchanger. Water was used as a working fluid at flow rate 2,3,4,5 Lpm. The outer pipe has diameter 60 mm and length 609.6mm, and an inner pipe with an diameter 20 mm. The numerical simulation was conducted by using ANSYS FLUENT 2022 R1 software. Metal foam with the porosity of 0.9 and 40 ppi was used. The cases considered in the analysis including a heat exchanger with a complete fill of copper foam, metal foam with three shapes of holes triangle, square and circle and nano fluid of Al2O3 and CuO. Results showed that heat transfer rate when adding nanofluids Al2O3 increased by 13% while it increased by 17% when using CuO. Also, the improvement in heat transfer rate when added metal foam by 43% and higher heat transfer rate with enhancement percentage 78% when adding metal fluids with triangle holes. The results also showed Nu increase with average 83 % when Re increase from ranging value (7422 to 18556). Also, heat exchanger with metal foam with triangle holes introduce maximum Nu by improvement rate 27% compared with smooth pipe and using metal foam without holes causes the rise in the pressure drop equal on average 4 times in comparison with smooth pipe and metal foam with circular holes provide the maximum value PEC of 1.92
performance evaluate criteria; metal foam baffles, copper foam; heat transfer enhancement, nanofluids
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Baqer Nati, Abbas J. Jubear Al-Jassani, Mohammed Ghalib Al-Azawy, Adel G. Nasser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Preservation Approaches for Jassan Hill: A Case Study
This study investigates the preservation challenges confronting Jassan Hill, a historic site in southern Iraq characterized by vernacular mud-brick architecture and a rich cultural narrative extending back to the early Islamic period. The primary purpose is to develop a robust, integrated framework that addresses the site’s structural vulnerabilities, environmental pressures, and socio-cultural dimensions. A mixed-methods design underpinned the research, involving qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study employed site surveys, GIS mapping, and physical assessments (e.g., non-destructive testing) to document and analyze the state of Jassan Hill’s architectural fabric. In parallel, semi-structured interviews and archival research provided insights into community perceptions, historical development, and existing governance structures. Advanced digital tools such as AutoCAD Recap for 3D modeling and ArcGIS for geospatial analysis enabled detailed visualization of risk zones and correlations between environmental factors and structural decay. Key findings reveal acute deterioration in several structures due to water infiltration, inadequate maintenance, and unregulated urban growth. Additionally, limited policy support and insufficient resource allocation hamper comprehensive conservation efforts. Stakeholder interviews confirm community interest in preserving the hill’s cultural identity and highlight the potential for heritage tourism as an economic driver. These results underscore the importance of an integrated preservation strategy. By combining technical interventions with community engagement and informed policy measures, heritage managers can formulate sustainable solutions tailored to Jassan Hill’s unique context. The adoption of advanced documentation techniques and collaborative governance models has broader implications for protecting similar cultural and environmentally vulnerable sites, ensuring their continued relevance and resilience for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Ismael Ahmed, Prof. Dr Sabeeh Lafta Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Optimization for (NG-RoF) Systems: Mitigating Nonlinear Effects in Long-Distance Transmission
Within the last ten years, several modern technologies were invented, and different types of services were subscribed to and used in daily life. All these are in need of high data rate and wide coverage in respect to mobile communication, and it thus needs an advanced generation to meet these performances as dictated by the end users. This paper is intended to advocate radio-over-fiber technique in 5G systems, improving standards of techniques for ensuring effective wireless communications coverage. But the problem was an issue of nonlinear effect causing some failure in the system performance, especially at a distance of 400km in transmission and data rate impact at fifth generation-the data downloaded is up to 100 GBps. It uses a major concept from signal processing within NG5 RoF for transmission and reception. The defects take place starting off with the use of the transmitted signal at first instance within modulated 16QAM while it reaches receiving through the power account until the filtering to BER, which is taken up to distance transmission, initially starting from the 100 n right up to a distance of 400 km, hence. Worth remarking is that all the models presented in this report were simulated using Optisystem 18.
Radio over fiber, fifth generation, invers gaussian filter.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Obaid, Hassan K. Al-Musawi, Majid Valizadeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Study of Stand-alone Multilevel Inverter Based on Switch Reduction Technique Fed by Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Systems
Electricity stability is decreased and both harmonics and losses are increased throughout the power conversion procedures. The drawbacks of conventional inverters may be addressed with the help of new multilayer inverter designs. Lately, multilevel inverter techniques have become more and more well-liked as an affordable substitute for a range of industrial uses. Several notable characteristics of this design include its smaller component, decreased switching losses, and improved output voltage/current pattern. The most crucial prerequisite for multilayer inverters is the minimization of harmonic components in the output voltage/current. The three distinct power sources that make up the system proposed in the present research are two identical wind turbines and photovoltaic system. Each of these power sources has an output voltage of 1, 2/3, and 1/3 Vdc, respectively. A 7-level output voltage was created by combining all of the DC sources. This paper proposes several situations, all of which have harmonic distortion within acceptable limits, and shows that the suggested system can function even in the event that one of the aforementioned power sources is unavailable. The MATLAB application is used to develop the system.
Multi-Level Inverter, Renewable Energy Sources, Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine
Copyright (c) 2025 falah jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of new Dams built on Upstream of Lesser Zab River on Dokan Dam Using HEC-ResSim Model
Recent years have witnessed significant declines in surface water quantities as a result of population density, climate change, and water pollution. Iraq is one of the countries that has suffered from water scarcity, particularly due to the upstream countries' water usage policies on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. All indicators suggest that the water situation will transition from abundance to scarcity in the near future. Therefore, and given that most studies have focused on the operational policies of dams and hydraulic structures, there has been a growing need to study and analyse the impact of upstream dam construction on the operation of Iraqi dams, such as Dokan Dam located on the Lesser Zab River. Dokan Dam is one of the most important dams to study due to its size and direct impact on surrounding areas. The aim is to understand the changes in the performance of these structures and the impact of declining water levels. To achieve this objective, and after collecting sufficient data, the HEC-ResSim program was used to study the impact on the dam's operation over a 30-year period from 1980 to 2010. The results showed that HEC-ResSim was effective in simulating the system's operation and studying daily and monthly discharges, as well as its flexibility
Dokan dam; HEC-ResSim; simulation; Lesser zab.
Copyright (c) 2025 zainab AL-Fahad, Laith B. Al-Badranee; Muqdad Al-Hamami, Maha A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the correlation between Nanoindentation and Vickers hardness of Ti6Al4V, pure copper and AISI316 stainless steel
Nano-indentation test is the most popular hardness testing method because it can correlate to other materials' mechanical properties and is used in a narrow area or for materials with plastic deformation resistance that Vickers hardness cannot represent. Linking the results of different hardness tests could provide flexibility in utilizing various hardness tests. Therefore, this research investigated the practical results of Vickers Microhardness and Berkovich Nano-indentation for three different materials. A mathematical model was applied to describe the Vickers hardness - Nano-indentation correlation based on the projected surface area resulting from indenter penetration. The results showed that Nano-hardness and Vickers hardness can be correlated. However, for the accuracy of the correlation, the precise measurement of the projected area must be considered. Ti6Al4V exhibited the largest differential between practical and theoretical Micro-hardness and Nano-hardness results, 43% and 37%, respectively, whereas copper had the lowest, 30% and 33%.
Keywords: Nanoindentation, Microhardness, Mechanical properties, Correlation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ammar Dawood Ghali Al-Rubaye, Muhaed Sadiq Alali, Righdan Mohsen Namus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving The Mechanical and Electrical Performance Of Composite Laminates By Including Nano-particles: Review Article
These days, researchers have focused on improving the mechanical performance of composite laminates owing to a broad range of their applications in fields like aerospace, military, civil, marine, etc. In this regard, efforts have been made to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of composite laminates by using nanoparticles. For developing high-performance composite laminates, the dispersion of nanoparticles in the composite laminates is significantly important; however, it remains a challenge. This review study focuses on strategies that have been adopted for developing appropriate chemical and physical methods to achieve controlled dispersion of nanoparticles in composite laminates. The effect of nanoparticles on mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength, compression, and fracture toughness have been discussed thoroughly in this study. Further, this study proves that the addition of conductive nanoparticles to the composite laminates can change their dielectric properties and make them sensors for damage failures during applied loading.
Nano-particles, nano-composites, mechanical properties, interfacial bonding strength, dielectric properties, conductivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Hider Ali, Farouk Omar. Hamdoon, Hussein Qumar, Khayale Jan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using HEC-RAS 1D for Flood Hazard Estimation For Building Construction in the Upstream of the AL Kut Barrage
The construction of buildings and recreational facilities in urban river basins is a well-documented problem that is having a devastating impact on urban infrastructure and human lives due to the increased frequency and severity of extreme rainfall and flooding.The likelihood of flooding cannot be eliminated, although it can be mitigated to some extent.Consequently, future flood control initiatives must priorities integrated strategies that account for both risk uncertainty and flood projections. In order to assess the potential harm, it is crucial to develop a solid approach for flood modelling and mapping.The goal of this study was to develop a flood projection zone by integrating hydrological models with geographic information systems. at the mouth and mouth of the Tigris River at Kut in central Iraq, at the front and rear of the dam.This was accomplished by making use of the hydrological models HEC-GeoRAS and HEC-RAS.locate areas that are at risk of flooding due to varying flow rates.To generate the DEM, a high-resolution topographic scan of the intended area—including the front and rear of the embankment-was employed.The dam was constructed using 6-kilometer-long front and 12-kilometer-long rear cross sections. In order to ascertain the depths of the terrain and its variations, GIS technology was employed.Several areas in the study area experienced flooding.A number of drainages were used to validate the model calibration, and the suitable Mannick coefficient for the area was determined by utilising statistical estimations (NSE, RMSE, MAE). This production quantity corresponds to a maximum flood depth of 17.5 meters.Based on the findings from the analysis using HEC-RAS, it is clear that structures situated in river basins have a significant influence, and a discharge of 2250 m3/s might cause flooding
HEC-RAS1, Prediction of floods, Hydrostatic Module, Impact of structures on the river basin,
Copyright (c) 2025 sajjad Inhayyir Abuthena, Ali N. Hilo, Clare B. Harris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Evaluation of Doppler Effect in HST at mmWave in 100 GHz Sub-Band with presence of Distortion and AWGN
Managing Doppler effects can be considered a critical technical challenge to ensure stable and efficient communication over millimeter Waves (mm Wave)in 5G networks, especially in high-mobility environments.the combined effects of Doppler shift and AWGN highlight the need for robust receiver designs that challenges simultaneously .this paper provides system model was tested under various scenarios,where both Doppler shift and distortion in the presence of AWGN .Different levels of SNR and Doppler shifts were simulated to observe their joint impact on system performance .The combined presence of Doppler shift and distortion are resulted in a more significant increase of BER rather than each factor could considered individually.The results are demonstrated that at high speed (large Doppler shifts)and low the challenges of maintaining reliable communication in such environments.
Doppler shifts;Gaussian white noise(AWGN);High-speed raiway,
Copyright (c) 2025 maha Fakhri abbas, D Basim k.j., Ahmed Magdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study of Condensation Characteristics on a Vertical Plate Covered with Metal Foam
Metal foam (MF)-coated plate possesses the advantage of big surface area, thus it has great potential for improving the plate condensers' condensation Heat Transfer (HT). In the current research, the pores density influences of Copper Foam (CF) upon a Flat Plate (FP) with (CF) attached have been studied experimentally. And, the CF pore density conceals the utilized plate structure, which ranges from 10 PPI to 20 PPI, and the porosity of 90%. The feature of flow water steam in CF coated plate is presented by using coefficient method of unit mass efficacy. Also, the pore's density influences of CF size, rate of the mass flow of inlet steam water, and rate of the mass flow of cold water upon the HT and Pressure Drop (PD) have been tested and analyzed. The correlations of HT and for a vertical Flat Plate (FP) with fixed CF are determined the curve-fitting of the investigational values. Additionally, the result elucidated that the CF introduction improves the HT despite causing a bigger . A (10 PPI) sized CF reveals a higher performance. It is also observed that the higher pressure of inlet steam, the higher rate of the mass flow of steam and the lower temperature of cold water will result in the increase of the average Heat Transfer Rate (HTR).
Flat plate, Copper foam, Heat transfer, Pressure drop, Condensation steam
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayser Muneer, FaiK Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dialectic urban terms: a critical study of the concepts sustainable, complete, liveable and humanized streets
This research seeks to demystify the ambiguity surrounding key terms in urban design. These terms include sustainable, complete, livable, and humane streets. These concepts are key to improving citizens' satisfaction with their cities. They can also boost participation in urban development discussions. However, the literature and studies misuse these terms. This causes confusion about their meanings. This study reviews relevant literature and research. It seeks to see if these terms reflect distinct ideas within a common framework. We will check these terms based on their criteria and uses. The results show that these concepts are similar. They all aim to preserve the environment, improve transport, and boost city interactions. Nevertheless, each term has its advantages. Livable streets focus on comfort and well-being. Sustainable streets focus on the environment and protecting natural resources. Complete streets value diversity and many transport options. Humane streets aim to boost social cooperation and community prosperit
Sustainable streets, complete streets, Liveable streets, Humanized streets
Copyright (c) 2025 Yaqeen Haider, Ihsan Abbas, Manal Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blue Laser Underwater Optical Visible Light Communication Using Recursive OFDM
Water covers more than 75% of the earth's surface in the form of the ocean. The ocean investigation is far-fetched because the underwater environment has distinct phenomenal activities. The expansion of human activities inside underwater environments includes environmental monitoring, offshore field exploration, tactical surveillance, scientific data collection, and port security. This led to increased demand for underwater application communication systems. Therefore, the researcher develops many methods for underwater VLC Visible Light Communications. The new technology of blue laser is a type of VLC that has benefits in the application of underwater communications. This research article investigated the benefits of underwater blue laser communication with recursive OFDM for different water types and discovered the effects of baud rate, bit error rate, and latency which affected several subcarriers of the recursive OFDM that have same characteristics but different environments. The design uses a Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA evaluation board with high-speed analog daughter card ADC/DAC. It is connected to the terminal blue laser diode as a source of transmitting and receiving signals. There are different experiments doing to find the result and discuss the characteristics of blue lasers in underwater communication for different environments.
Underwater wireless communication, Recursive OFDM, Laser Diode, Optical VLC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sameer Sami Hassan, Yusor Rafid Bahar Al-Mayouf, Omar Adil Mahdi, Wisam Abd Shukur, Marcel Ambroze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predicting Annual Tigris River Streamflow at Kut Barrage using SAMS Program
Forecasting synthetic hydrologic data is the primary goal of the Stochastic Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation (SAMS) program. This research examined yearly data on the streamflow of the Kut Barrage on the Tigris River spanning 21 years, from 2003 to 2023. The data were converted using the logarithm transformation method, and the skewness and Filliben tests were run to assess the data's normality. To calculate the parameters of the univariate autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model, historical data were examined and ACF and PACF were shown. From these two graphs, it was concluded that the values ​​of the ARMA model orders must be greater than one, and therefore four types of ARMA models were chosen: ARMA (1,1), ARMA (1,2), ARMA (2,1), and ARMA (2,2). The four ARMA models were compared with two criteria corrected Aikaike information criterion (AICC) and the Schwarz information criterion (SIC), which had the lowest values ​​for the ARMA (1,1) forecasting model, which were 15.753 and 14.431, respectively. The generated data's mean value of 377 is quite near to the historical data's mean value of 380.7 the same is true for the covariance and standard deviation, which for the historical and anticipated data are 177.3 and 0.4836, respectively, and 182.3 and 0.4836.The RMSE value which is 0.34 for the historical and forecast data was found to be an acceptable value indicating that the ARMA (1,1) model is a suitable model for generating data, and the generated data for another 21 years after 2023 is highly accurate and reliable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghufran R. AL-Youdawi, Laith B. AL-Badranee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agriculture Based on Wireless Sensor Network: Literature Survey
This manuscript provides an extensive review of the existing literature regarding the confluence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) innovations in the field of Agriculture. The investigation delves into a variety of systems and frameworks crafted to elevate agricultural methodologies through immediate surveillance and oversight of ecological factors. Essential elements encompass the deployment of diverse sensors, including those for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, which are vital for refining irrigation practices and promoting effective water utilization. The manuscript underscores the significance of microcontrollers such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi in managing and relaying information to central hubs or cloud platforms for distant access and governance via mobile interfaces. Furthermore, the study addresses the applications of communication protocols like LoRa, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi, which enable extensive and efficient data relay. The incorporation of machine learning strategies for distinguishing crops and weeds, along with the utilization of solar energy to power sensor units, is also scrutinized. The manuscript wraps up by highlighting the transformative potential of IoT and WSN technologies in modernizing smart agriculture, providing avenues for energy-efficient and automated farming solutions.
Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Light Dependent Resistor
Copyright (c) 2024 zahraa Al Jebory, Abbas H. Miry , Gregor A. Aramice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study on the Potential of Installing Photovoltaic Stations in some Iraqi Cities
Due to the obvious rise in electrical energy demand, primary energy resources such as oil, gas, and coal, which are used to get the electrical energy, are depleting. Most primary energy sources available today come with environmental issues and high extraction costs. Therefore, increasing the utilization of renewable energy resources (RES) is considered one of the most effective solutions to address these challenges. Among the various RES options, photovoltaic power systems (PVPS) are commonly employed as they provide electrical energy without causing environmental issues. However, due to the relatively high costs of PVPS, conducting feasibility studies is crucial for implementing major RES-related systems. These studies involve various proposals that play a crucial role in the formation of PVPS. The methodology adopted in this study is based on a simulated software program called PVsyst incorporates features of the system being used and real-time meteorological variables from Visual Crossing Weather. Parameters such as tilt angles, solar radiations, power production, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and other factors are considered in investigating the selection of optimal locations for the proposed PVPS system. Western Iraq was the best in all respects, but southern Iraq was the worst compared to the east or north parts of the country. Findings are then reviewed for four major cities in Iraq to determine the best city for solar power plant installation, along with the characteristics of each city.
renewable energy resources, photovoltaic power systems, PVsyst, visual crossing weather
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali K. Nawar, Nuha Adnan Al-Obaidi , Ali A. Tayeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Substrate Dielectric Constant on Performance of 2.4 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Array
In recent years, arrays have been widely used in many applications, especially those applications that need high guidance, whether in military, medical, or other applications. Arrays are highly oriental, unlike single antennas. In this work, we analyze the effect of the insulating substrate insulation constant on the 2X2 microstrip patch antenna array at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, which is suitable for WLAN applications. CST Microwave Studio Version 2019 was used to design, simulate, and analyze the proposed model. The bar line feeding technique was used to feed the array. A set of mathematical relationships was used to calculate the dimensions of the array. We simulated and analyzed the array on three dielectric pillars: (FR-4) with a dielectric constant of 4.3, (Polycarbonate) with an isolation constant of 2.9, and (Porcelain) with an isolation constant of 6. The 2X2 array was manufactured and printed on the insulating substrate (FR-4) and the practical results were compared with the simulation results. There was a good agreement between the practical and theoretical results
Copyright (c) 2025 iyad Alumari, Muhanad D. Hashim Almawlawe, Zainab Hussam Al-Araji, V.G. Saitkulov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Improvement of Multi-band MIMO Antennas for 5G Applications
<a href="https://ejuow.uowasit.edu.iq/index.php/ejuow/A comprehensive argument is present in this paper for the development of a four-element Three major frequency band MIMO antenna that is suitable for the 5G and beyond upcoming wireless technology. This antenna, constructed using FR-4 material and measuring 38 x 38 x 1.67 mm3, operates in the UWB, Ku-band, as well as a portion of the Ka-band and lower millimeter band. A 4×4 MIMO antenna structure was used to evaluate the proposed technique; the antenna resonates at three bands. The array has dimensions of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.039λ_g^3. The tested features of the proposed antenna system demonstrate compatible responses for broadband frequency ranges. The first band covers frequencies from 3.14 GHz to 9.14 GHz (6 GHz bandwidth) with the following characteristics: 97.7% bandwidth, 78% maximum radiation efficiency, and a total efficiency of 73%. A 2.27 dB peak gain, 10 dB average diversity gain (DG), and not more than 0.085the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). Also, this antenna has more than 24 dB isolation boundary between the radiating elements. At the second band, this antenna realizes 58% bandwidth with operation range from 9.2 GHz to 16.7 GHz (7.5 GHz), while maintaining an 88.8%, 82.7% as maximum radiation efficiency, and total efficiency respectfully. A peak gain of 5.4 dB, around 10 dB average DG, and an ECC of less than 0.018. Moreover, a value of greater than 18 dB minimum decoupling between the adjacent elements. The proposed structure shows 11 GHz bandwidth at the third frequency band, which ranging from 20.15 GHz to 31.31 GHz, representing a bandwidth of 43.4%. A peak gain of 7.4 dB is reached. Maximum radiation efficiency of 86.3%, with a total efficiency of 83.5%. The average DG is about 10 dB, and the ECC is lower than 0.005. An isolation gap of more than 13 dB is reached between the radiating elements.">A comprehensive argument is present in this paper for the development of a four-element Three major frequency band MIMO antenna that is suitable for the 5G and beyond upcoming wireless technology. This antenna, constructed using FR-4 material and measuring 38 x 38 x 1.67 mm3, operates in the UWB, Ku-band, as well as a portion of the Ka-band and lower millimeter band. A 4×4 MIMO antenna structure was used to evaluate the proposed technique; the antenna resonates at three bands. The array has dimensions of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.039λ_g^3. The tested features of the proposed antenna system demonstrate compatible responses for broadband frequency ranges. The first band covers frequencies from 3.14 GHz to 9.14 GHz (6 GHz bandwidth) with the following characteristics: 97.7% bandwidth, 78% maximum radiation efficiency, and a total efficiency of 73%. A 2.27 dB peak gain, 10 dB average diversity gain (DG), and not more than 0.085the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). Also, this antenna has more than 24 dB isolation boundary between the radiating elements. At the second band, this antenna realizes 58% bandwidth with operation range from 9.2 GHz to 16.7 GHz (7.5 GHz), while maintaining an 88.8%, 82.7% as maximum radiation efficiency, and total efficiency respectfully. A peak gain of 5.4 dB, around 10 dB average DG, and an ECC of less than 0.018. Moreover, a value of greater than 18 dB minimum decoupling between the adjacent elements. The proposed structure shows 11 GHz bandwidth at the third frequency band, which ranging from 20.15 GHz to 31.31 GHz, representing a bandwidth of 43.4%. A peak gain of 7.4 dB is reached. Maximum radiation efficiency of 86.3%, with a total efficiency of 83.5%. The average DG is about 10 dB, and the ECC is lower than 0.005. An isolation gap of more than 13 dB is reached between the radiating elements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Radhi Sehen Issa, Ali F. Hassoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Optimize a Quasi-Elliptical Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications
This study presents a novel elliptical microstrip antenna (EMSA) design method for enhanced bandwidth. The proposed EMSA offers versatile polarization control, generating both linear and circular polarization. Wider impedance bandwidths compared to some other patch antennas make it suitable for broadband communication. Its compact size facilitates integration into space-constrained devices. Additionally, it provides polarization diversity for MIMO systems, reducing signal fading. The fabricated EMSA, operating at 7.05 GHz, achieves a simulated bandwidth of 5.7% and a measured bandwidth of 4.28%. It exhibits a return loss of -42 dB, 50 Ω impedance matching, 8.57 dB radiation gain, and a VSWR of 1.016. Two bandwidth enhancement techniques were investigated: reducing the ground plane size and incorporating slots within the patch. The partial ground plane achieved simulated and measured bandwidth improvements of 146% and 167%, respectively. The slotted patch yielded 160% and 180% improvements, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hassan Naji, Muhanad D. Hashim Almawlawe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0